Rosenlund Yards, Berglind N, Hallqvist J, Bellander T, Bluhm G. 2005. Every day consumption of magnesium and you can calcium supplements from h2o for the family in order to myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 16(4):570-576.
Rubenowitz E, Axelsson G, Rylander R. 1996. Magnesium within the h2o and you will dying away from severe myocardial infarction. In the morning J Epidemiol 143(5):456-462.
Rubenowitz Elizabeth, Axelsson Grams, Rylander Roentgen. 1999. Magnesium and you will calcium supplements from inside the h2o and you will dying regarding intense myocardial infarction in women. Epidemiology 10(1):31-thirty-six.
Rubenowitz Age, Molin I, Axelsson G, Rylander Roentgen. 2000. Magnesium in liquids when it comes to morbidity and you will mortality off acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 11(4):416-421.
Sauvant MP, Pepin D. 2000. Geographical adaptation of your mortality of cardiovascular disease and you may h2o during the an effective French quick urban area (Puy de- Dome). Environ Res 84(3):219-227.
Sinclair Ml, Schlosser O. 2007. H2o softening: epidemiological research on the calcium and magnesium when you look at the liquids and you may aerobic state. Water21 – Magazine of your All over the world Liquid Relationship Feb:8-19.
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Lina J. Leurs, (1) Leo J. Schouten, (1) Margreet N. Mons, (2) Roentgen. Alexandra Goldbohm, (3) and you may PietA. van den Brandt (1)
Seeking a competent framework getting determining publicity-condition relationship into the a put together cohort
(1) Maastricht University, GROW-College getting Oncology and you will Developmental Biology, Agency out of Epidemiology, Maastricht, the netherlands; (2) KWR, Watercycle Search Institute, Nieuwegein, the netherlands; (3) TNO Standard of living, Agencies of Protection and you can Health, Leiden, holland
Address correspondence to help you L.J. Leurs, Maastricht University, GROW-College for Oncology and you will Developmental Biology, Service out-of Epidemiology, P.O. Container 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, holland. Telephone: 31 0 43 3882392. Fax: 31 0 43 3884128. E-mail:
We’re in debt into professionals with the study and need to thank the brand new Dutch Main Agency out of Family history and you will Statistics Netherlands having providing studies. I plus give thanks to An effective. Volovics and you will A beneficial. Kester getting mathematical suggestions; S. van de Crommert, H. Brants, J. Nelissen, C. de- Zwart, M. Moll, W. van Dijk, and you may An excellent. Pisters to own assistance; and H. van Montfort, T. van Moergasiel, L. van den Bosch, datingranking.net/escort-directory R. Schmeitz, and you will J. Berben for programming advice.
That it enterprise is actually conducted when you look at the Mutual Browse Program of your own Dutch liquid people by experts from Maastricht School and you may KWR, Watercycle Research Institute. This research is actually financed of the KWR, Watercycle Lookup Institute.
Roentgen.An effective.G. and you will M.Letter.M. work with contacting enterprises (TNO Lifestyle and you may KWR, respectively); however, neither have previously did one past look on the current question demonstrated about manuscript. Additionally, exterior report on the proper execution and you may abilities is actually presented by good Medical Consultative Panel comprising P. Hunter (College or university away from East Anglia), R. Rylander (emeritus teacher), and M.I. Sinclair (Water Quality Research Australia Minimal, Monash College or university).
Very education you to definitely said a keen inverse association anywhere between h2o firmness and you may IHD otherwise coronary attack death was indeed ecologic studies (Kousa ainsi que al. 2004, 2006, 2008; Maheswaran et al. 1999; ; Sauvant and you will Pepin 2000). New precision of them sorts of knowledge is frequently asked because the of it is possible to ecologic fallacy. A few situation-manage and you may cohort degree with little or no variations for confounding issues in addition to suggested a potential defensive aftereffect of liquid hardness, calcium otherwise magnesium levels inside water, on mortality due to IHD or heart attack (Luoma et al. 1983; Punsar and you may Karvonen 1979; Rubenowitz et al. 1996, 1999; Yang 1998; Yang et al. 2006). Simultaneously, very situation-handle and you can cohort degree you to definitely modified having 1000s of possible confounders, instance cardiovascular risk factors and you will water services, discovered zero matchmaking between water hardness and you can IHD otherwise coronary arrest death (Comstock et al. 1980; Morris et al. 2001; Rosenlund mais aussi al. 2005). The exclusion was the truth-manage study held because of the Rubenowitz et al. (2000) that said down mortality out of intense myocardial infarction ( not on the total frequency) and you can magnesium from inside the liquids after modifying having a general spectrum regarding possible confounders.
Nutrient intake are modified having opportunity intake by the recurring method (Willett and Stampfer 1986). The survey studies had been secret-joined double and you can processed into the a standard styles blinded with respect to help you case/subcohort status to minimize observer prejudice in the programming and you will studies translation.
The analyzed exposure variables were total tap water hardness, tap water magnesium, and calcium concentration. In the multivariate analysis, we corrected for potential confounding of other known IHD risk factors: age at baseline (years), cigarette smoking (coded as current vs. never/former smoker and number of cigarettes smoked per day, and years of active smoking), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), body mass index (BMI) (coded as < 18.5 kg/[m.sup.2], 18.5-25 kg/[m.sup.2], 25-30 kg/[m.sup.2], [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/[m.sup.2]), nonoccupational physical activity (coded in tour categories: very little, average, active, or very active), educational level [coded as primary school, lower vocational, high school (junior and senior), and higher vocational/university], total energy intake (kilocalories per day), alcohol consumption (coded in five categories: 0 g/day, 0.1-5 g/day, 5-15 g/day, 15-30 g/day, 2 30 g/day). energy-adjusted saturated/monounsaturated/ polyunsaturated fat consumption (grams per day), and fruit and vegetable consumption (grams per day). We included additional factors that influence the amount of calcium or magnesium absorption from tap water: use of diuretics (yes/no), multivitamin intake (yes/no), calcium supplement intake (yes/no), energy-adjusted dietary calcium and magnesium consumption (milligrams per clay), and total volume of tap water consumption (milliliters per day) (Elin 1988; Greenland et al. 2003; Hornstra et al. 1998; Wilson 1999). When tap water calcium concentration (milligrams per liter) was analyzed, additional adjustment for tap water magnesium concentration (milligrams per liter) occurred and vice versa.
Gillies Me personally, Paulin HV. 1983. Variability off mineral consumption off liquids: a prospective cause on conflict across the matchmaking out of water quality to help you cardiovascular disease. Int J Epidemiol 12(1):45-50.
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